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doi: 10.1007/s13181-011-0202-2.

Here today, gone tomorrow…and back over again? A review of herbal marijuana alternatives (K2, Spice), synthetic cathinones (bath salts), kratom, Salvia divinorum, methoxetamine, and piperazines

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• PMID: 22271566
• PMCID: PMC3550220
• DOI: 10.1007/s13181-011-0202-2

Free PMC article

Review

Here today, gone tomorrow…and dorsum again? A review of herbal marijuana alternatives (K2, Spice), constructed cathinones (bath salts), kratom, Salvia divinorum, methoxetamine, and piperazines

Christopher D Rosenbaum  et al. J Med Toxicol. 2012 Mar .

Gratis PMC article

Abstruse

Despite their widespread Internet availability and use, many of the new drugs of abuse remain unfamiliar to health intendance providers. The herbal marijuana alternatives, similar K2 or Spice, are a group of herbal blends that contain a mixture of plant matter in addition to chemical course synthetic cannabinoids. The synthetic cathinones, ordinarily called "bath salts," take resulted in nationwide emergency department visits for astringent agitation, sympathomimetic toxicity, and death. Kratom, a plant product derived from Mitragyna speciosa Korth, has opioid-like effects, and has been used for the handling of chronic pain and amelioration of opioid-withdrawal symptoms. Salvia divinorum is a hallucinogen with unique pharmacology that has therapeutic potential just has been banned in many states due to concerns regarding its psychiatric effects. Methoxetamine has recently become available via the Cyberspace and is marked every bit "legal ketamine." Moreover, the piperazine derivatives, a class of amphetamine-similar compounds that includes BZP and TMFPP, are making a resurgence as "legal Ecstasy." These psychoactives are available via the Internet, frequently legal, and oftentimes perceived equally safe by the public. Unfortunately, these drugs oftentimes have adverse effects, which range from minimal to life-threatening. Wellness care providers must be familiar with these important new classes of drugs. This paper discusses the background, pharmacology, clinical effects, detection, and management of constructed cannabinoid, synthetic cathinone, methoxetamine, and piperazine exposures.

Figures

Fig. one

Structural dissimilarity of THC (meridian) and JWH-018 (bottom)

Fig. 2

Structural similarity of mephedrone (left) and methamphetamine (right)

Fig. 3

Structural differences between classic opioids and the kappa-opioid receptor agonist, mitragynine

Fig. 4

Structural similarity of methoxetamine (left) and ketamine (correct)

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Source: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22271566/

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